Serie on Social Competencies on the Workplace
This article is the first in a series examining the interpersonal capabilities that shape managerial effectiveness and organisational outcomes. It begins with a broader perspective on social competencies, understood as the set of relational and self-regulatory skills that enable managers to interact effectively, build trust and structure productive working relationships.
Managerial performance is often evaluated through operational or strategic results, yet a substantial body of research shows that interpersonal behaviour is a primary driver of employee engagement, collective performance and workplace well-being. How managers communicate, regulate emotions, handle conflict and recognise contributions directly influences motivation, cooperation and psychosocial climate.
Within this broader framework, empathy will be addressed in the next article as a foundational but frequently misunderstood component of managerial social competence. While empathy enables accurate understanding of employees’ experiences and perspectives, its effectiveness depends on how it is integrated with other competencies such as feedback, boundary-setting and conflict management.
- What social competencies include
Managerial social competencies typically combine:
- Empathy and perspective-taking
- Emotional regulation
- Clear and respectful communication
- Active listening
- Conflict management
- Feedback and recognition practices
- Trust-building behaviours
- Social awareness and adaptability
These competencies are not fixed personality traits. They are behavioural capabilities that can be developed through training, feedback and experience (Lopes et al., 2006). Research on leadership effectiveness consistently shows that managers’ interpersonal abilities strongly influence team functioning and outcomes (Riggio & Reichard, 2008).
- Impact on staff engagement
- Manager behaviour as a key engagement driver
Employee engagement is strongly influenced by the quality of interactions with direct managers. Socially competent managers create conditions where employees feel heard, respected and fairly treated, which increases motivation and discretionary effort.
A meta-analysis by Christian, Garza and Slaughter (2011) demonstrates that leadership behaviour and relational climate are significant predictors of work engagement. When managers communicate clearly, provide recognition and listen to concerns, employees are more likely to invest cognitively and emotionally in their work.
- Psychological mechanisms
Three mechanisms explain this relationship.
Trust formation. Managerial social competencies such as fairness, integrity and supportive communication foster trust in leadership, which in turn predicts employee engagement and commitment (Dirk, K.T., & Ferrin, D.L., 2002 , Engelbrecht et al., 2017). Trust functions as a key psychological mechanism linking managerial behaviour to employees’ willingness to invest cognitively and emotionally in their work (Kahn, 1990).
Psychological safety. Managers who encourage open expression and respond constructively to input create psychological safety, enabling participation and learning (Edmondson, 2002). Teams with high psychological safety show higher engagement and initiative.
Recognition and feedback quality. Constructive feedback and recognition support employees’ needs for competence and relatedness, reinforcing intrinsic motivation and engagement (Christian et al., 2011).
Managers showing low levels social competencies often generate the opposite effects: reduced voice, disengagement and minimal compliance.
- Impact on production and performance
- Team coordination and efficiency
Performance depends not only on technical expertise but also on coordination and cooperation. Managers with strong social competencies facilitate:
- Clear communication of expectations
- Constructive conflict management
- Information sharing
- Alignment around objectives
These behaviours reduce friction and improve execution. Emotional and social intelligence in leadership has been positively associated with job performance across roles, particularly in managerial positions (O’Boyle et al., 2011).
- Decision quality and implementation
Managers who listen effectively and communicate transparently obtain more accurate information and detect emerging issues earlier. This improves decision quality and facilitates implementation.
Conversely, poor interpersonal management leads to information withholding, passive resistance and low commitment to decisions, undermining performance even when strategies are technically sound.
- Reduction of counterproductive behaviours
Perceived injustice and poor managerial communication are strong predictors of withdrawal behaviours, turnover intentions and counterproductive work behaviours (Colquitt et al., 2013). Socially competent managers mitigate these risks by maintaining fairness, clarity and respectful interactions, thereby stabilising productivity.
- Impact on employee well-being
- Manager as psychosocial risk or resource
Managers play a central role in shaping psychosocial working conditions. Their social competencies influence stress levels, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Supportive managerial behaviour functions as a protective resource, while poor interpersonal management acts as a stressor.
A meta-analytic review by Harms et al. (2017) shows that leadership emotional intelligence is associated with lower employee stress and burnout, as well as improved well-being.
- Mechanisms affecting well-being
Emotional climate regulation. Managers influence the emotional tone of teams. Predictable, respectful interactions reduce chronic stress and interpersonal tension.
Clarity and fairness. Unclear expectations and perceived unfairness are major sources of workplace stress. Socially competent managers provide clarity and consistent treatment.
Support and recognition. Perceived supervisor support is strongly linked to higher well-being and lower burnout (Kurtessis et al., 2017). Employees who feel supported cope more effectively with job demands.
Managers who lack these competencies often contribute unintentionally to stress accumulation and disengagement.
- Integrating empathy within social competencies
Empathy remains a foundational element of managerial effectiveness. As developed in the next article on empathy, it enables accurate understanding of employee experiences and appropriate emotional responses. However, empathy must be integrated with other social competencies to be effective.
Empathy without assertiveness or feedback skills can lead to avoidance of difficult conversations. Authority without empathy leads to disengagement and tension. Effective managerial behaviour requires a balanced combination of understanding, communication and regulation.
- Organisational implications
Organisations frequently prioritise technical expertise when selecting managers, underestimating the impact of social competencies. Evidence indicates this is a structural limitation. Managerial interpersonal behaviour directly influences engagement, performance and well-being.
Developing social competencies requires more than theoretical training. Effective approaches include behavioural feedback, coaching, practice with real managerial situations and reflection on relational impact. Organisations that systematically develop these competencies are more likely to achieve sustainable performance and healthier work environments.



